深度学习已在许多神经影像应用中有效。但是，在许多情况下，捕获与小血管疾病有关的信息的成像序列的数量不足以支持数据驱动的技术。此外，基于队列的研究可能并不总是具有用于准确病变检测的最佳或必需成像序列。因此，有必要确定哪些成像序列对于准确检测至关重要。在这项研究中，我们旨在找到磁共振成像（MRI）序列的最佳组合，以深入基于学习的肿瘤周围空间（EPV）。为此，我们实施了一个有效的轻巧U-NET，适用于EPVS检测，并全面研究了来自易感加权成像（SWI），流体侵入的反转恢复（FLAIR），T1加权（T1W）和T2的不同信息组合 - 加权（T2W）MRI序列。我们得出的结论是，T2W MRI对于准确的EPV检测最为重要，并且在深神经网络中掺入SWI，FLAIR和T1W MRI可能会使精度的提高无关。

深层神经网络目前提供了最先进，最精确的机器学习模型，以区分患有阿尔茨海默氏病和健康对照的受试者的结构MRI扫描。不幸的是，由于这些多层和非线性模型的复杂性，这些模型捕获的微妙的大脑改变很难解释。已经提出了几种热图方法来解决此问题并分析从深神经网络中提取的成像模式，但是到目前为止，尚未对这些方法进行定量比较。在这项工作中，我们通过从ADNI数据集的T1 MRI扫描中得出卷积神经网络（CNN）的热图来探讨这些问题，并通过将这些热图与对应于支持向量机（SVM）系数的脑图进行比较。研究了三种突出的热图方法：层次相关性传播（LRP），综合梯度（IG）和引导GRAD-CAM（GGC）。与先前在视觉上或定性评估热图的质量的研究相反，我们通过与大型荟萃分析的地面图相重叠，从而获得了精确的定量措施，该量度合并了77个基于Voxel的形态计量学（VBM）研究，独立于ADNI。我们的结果表明，所有三个热图方法都能够捕获涵盖荟萃分析图的大脑区域，并获得了比SVM系数更好的结果。其中，IG产生了与独立荟萃分析的最佳重叠的热图。

Recent work leverages the expressive power of generative adversarial networks (GANs) to generate labeled synthetic datasets. These dataset generation methods often require new annotations of synthetic images, which forces practitioners to seek out annotators, curate a set of synthetic images, and ensure the quality of generated labels. We introduce the HandsOff framework, a technique capable of producing an unlimited number of synthetic images and corresponding labels after being trained on less than 50 pre-existing labeled images. Our framework avoids the practical drawbacks of prior work by unifying the field of GAN inversion with dataset generation. We generate datasets with rich pixel-wise labels in multiple challenging domains such as faces, cars, full-body human poses, and urban driving scenes. Our method achieves state-of-the-art performance in semantic segmentation, keypoint detection, and depth estimation compared to prior dataset generation approaches and transfer learning baselines. We additionally showcase its ability to address broad challenges in model development which stem from fixed, hand-annotated datasets, such as the long-tail problem in semantic segmentation.

Large pre-trained language models have recently enabled open-ended generation frameworks (e.g., prompt-to-text NLG) to tackle a variety of tasks going beyond the traditional data-to-text generation. While this framework is more general, it is under-specified and often leads to a lack of controllability restricting their real-world usage. We propose a new grounded keys-to-text generation task: the task is to generate a factual description about an entity given a set of guiding keys, and grounding passages. To address this task, we introduce a new dataset, called EntDeGen. Inspired by recent QA-based evaluation measures, we propose an automatic metric, MAFE, for factual correctness of generated descriptions. Our EntDescriptor model is equipped with strong rankers to fetch helpful passages and generate entity descriptions. Experimental result shows a good correlation (60.14) between our proposed metric and human judgments of factuality. Our rankers significantly improved the factual correctness of generated descriptions (15.95% and 34.51% relative gains in recall and precision). Finally, our ablation study highlights the benefit of combining keys and groundings.

Recommender systems are ubiquitous in most of our interactions in the current digital world. Whether shopping for clothes, scrolling YouTube for exciting videos, or searching for restaurants in a new city, the recommender systems at the back-end power these services. Most large-scale recommender systems are huge models trained on extensive datasets and are black-boxes to both their developers and end-users. Prior research has shown that providing recommendations along with their reason enhances trust, scrutability, and persuasiveness of the recommender systems. Recent literature in explainability has been inundated with works proposing several algorithms to this end. Most of these works provide item-style explanations, i.e., `We recommend item A because you bought item B.' We propose a novel approach, RecXplainer, to generate more fine-grained explanations based on the user's preference over the attributes of the recommended items. We perform experiments using real-world datasets and demonstrate the efficacy of RecXplainer in capturing users' preferences and using them to explain recommendations. We also propose ten new evaluation metrics and compare RecXplainer to six baseline methods.

Predictive simulations of the shock-to-detonation transition (SDT) in heterogeneous energetic materials (EM) are vital to the design and control of their energy release and sensitivity. Due to the complexity of the thermo-mechanics of EM during the SDT, both macro-scale response and sub-grid mesoscale energy localization must be captured accurately. This work proposes an efficient and accurate multiscale framework for SDT simulations of EM. We employ deep learning to model the mesoscale energy localization of shock-initiated EM microstructures upon which prediction results are used to supply reaction progress rate information to the macroscale SDT simulation. The proposed multiscale modeling framework is divided into two stages. First, a physics-aware recurrent convolutional neural network (PARC) is used to model the mesoscale energy localization of shock-initiated heterogeneous EM microstructures. PARC is trained using direct numerical simulations (DNS) of hotspot ignition and growth within microstructures of pressed HMX material subjected to different input shock strengths. After training, PARC is employed to supply hotspot ignition and growth rates for macroscale SDT simulations. We show that PARC can play the role of a surrogate model in a multiscale simulation framework, while drastically reducing the computation cost and providing improved representations of the sub-grid physics. The proposed multiscale modeling approach will provide a new tool for material scientists in designing high-performance and safer energetic materials.

Running machine learning inference on tiny devices, known as TinyML, is an emerging research area. This task requires generating inference code that uses memory frugally, a task that standard ML frameworks are ill-suited for. A deployment framework for TinyML must be a) parametric in the number representation to take advantage of the emerging representations like posits, b) carefully assign high-precision to a few tensors so that most tensors can be kept in low-precision while still maintaining model accuracy, and c) avoid memory fragmentation. We describe MinUn, the first TinyML framework that holistically addresses these issues to generate efficient code for ARM microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino Uno, Due and STM32H747) that outperforms the prior TinyML frameworks.

基于变压器的模型的出现，机器翻译已经快速发展。这些模型没有内置的明确的语言结构，但是它们仍然可以通过参与相关令牌隐式学习结构化的关系。我们假设通过明确赋予变形金刚具有结构性偏见，可以使这种结构学习变得更加健壮，我们研究了两种在这种偏见中构建的方法。一种方法，即TP变换器，可以增强传统的变压器体系结构，包括代表结构的附加组件。第二种方法通过将数据分割为形态令牌化来灌输数据级别的结构。我们测试了这些方法从英语翻译成土耳其语和Inuktitut的形态丰富的语言，并考虑自动指标和人类评估。我们发现，这两种方法中每种方法都允许网络实现更好的性能，但是此改进取决于数据集的大小。总而言之，结构编码方法使变压器更具样本效率，从而使它们能够从少量数据中表现得更好。

由于SARS-COV-2（COVID-19）病毒的快速发展，许多突变发生了许多变体，例如Alpha，Gamma，Delta和Omicron，对世界经济产生了巨大影响。无监督的机器学习方法具有压缩，表征和可视化数据的能力。在本文中，我们提出了一个框架，该框架利用了无监督的机器学习方法，其中包括选定的尺寸还原和聚类方法的组合，以区分和可视化基于基于基因组序列的主要COVID-19变体的关联。该框架利用K-MER分析来处理基因组（RNA）序列，并比较包括主成分分析（PCA）和T-分布的随机邻居嵌入（T-SNE）和统一歧管近似投影（ UMAP）。此外，该框架采用了团聚层次聚类方法，并使用树状图提供了可视化。我们发现所提出的框架可以有效地区分主要变体，因此可以在将来区分新兴变体。

在本文中，我们使用语言数据收集的现场方法讨论了四种低资源印度语语言的演讲语料库的过程中的工作 - Awadhi，Bhojpuri，Braj和Magahi。目前，语料库的总大小约为18小时（每种语言约4-5小时），并用语法信息进行转录和注释，例如词性标签，形态学特征和普遍的依赖关系。我们讨论了以这些语言收集数据的方法，其中大多数是在Covid-19大流行中心进行的，其中之一是为低收入群体带来一些额外的收入，说这些语言。在本文中，我们还讨论了这些语言中自动语音识别系统的基线实验的结果。